The recent developments in the Balkans have reignited tensions in Europe, with Bulgaria declaring independence on October 5, 1908, in Tirnovo, the historical capital. Simultaneously, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Crete raised the Greek flag. These actions violate the status established by the Treaty of Berlin on July 13, 1878.
According to the Treaty of Berlin, Bulgaria was to be an autonomous and tributary principality under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan. The annexation of Eastern Boumelia by Bulgaria in 1885 was already a breach of the treaty. Now Cholera Status in Austria-Hungary, the recognition of Bulgarian independence threatens not only the loss of that autonomy but also the loss of Eastern Boumelia.
Similarly, the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary directly contradicts the terms of the treaty. Crete, while acknowledging Turkish suzerainty, has operated with a high degree of autonomy, as recommended by Greece.
Despite these violations, the actual relations of these territories with Turkey have already evolved. Bulgaria, though technically dependent, is treated as an independent state, participating in international conferences. Bosnia and Herzegovina are effectively occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary. Crete, acknowledging Turkish suzerainty, operates autonomously with a governor-general recommended by Greece.
While these events may challenge the legal framework established by the Treaty of Berlin, the territories in question are, in practice, operating independently of Turkey Bulgaria Vacation. Turkey’s recognition of these developments would only relinquish a theoretical claim of right, with little hope of enforcing it. However, Turkey’s acquiescence might risk weakening the ongoing reform movement, and any potential conflict could further delay the realization of constitutional government.
